মঙ্গলবার, ১১ জুন, ২০১৩

Potential new target to thwart antibiotic resistance: Viruses in gut confer antibiotic resistance to bacteria

June 10, 2013 ? Bacteria in the gut that are under attack by antibiotics have allies no one had anticipated, a team of Wyss Institute scientists has found. Gut viruses that usually commandeer the bacteria, it turns out, enable them to survive the antibiotic onslaught, most likely by handing them genes that help them withstand the drug.

What's more, the gut viruses, called bacteriophage or simply phage, deliver genes that help the bacteria to survive not just the antibiotic they've been exposed to, but other types of antibiotics as well, the scientists reported online June 9 in Nature. That suggests that phages in the gut may be partly responsible for the emergence of dangerous superbugs that withstand multiple antibiotics, and that drug targeting of phages could offer a potential new path to mitigate development of antibiotic resistance.

"The results mean that the antibiotic-resistance situation is even more troubling than we thought," said senior author Jim Collins, Ph.D., a pioneer of synthetic biology and Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, who is also the William F. Warren Distinguished Professor at Boston University, where he leads the Center of Synthetic Biology.

Today disease-causing bacteria have adapted to antibiotics faster than scientists can generate new drugs to kill them, creating a serious global public-health threat. Patients who are hospitalized with serious bacterial infections tend to have longer, more expensive hospital stays, and they are twice as likely to die as those infected with antibiotic-susceptible bacteria, according to the World Health Organization. In addition, because first-line drugs fail more often than before, more expensive therapies must be used, raising health-care costs.

In the past, Collins and other scientists have probed the ways gut bacteria adapt to antibiotics, but they've focused on the bacteria themselves. But Collins and Sheetal Modi, Ph.D., the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in Collins' laboratory and at the Wyss Institute, knew that phage were also abundant in the gut, and that they were adept at ferrying genes from one bacterium to another.

The researchers wondered whether treating mice with antibiotics led phage in the gut to pick up more drug-resistance genes, and if so, whether that made gut bacteria stronger.

They gave mice either ciprofloxacin or ampicillin -- two commonly prescribed antibiotics. After eight weeks, they harvested all the viruses in the mice's feces, and identified the viral genes present by comparing them with a large database of known genes.

They found that the phages from antibiotic-treated mice carried significantly higher numbers of bacterial drug-resistance genes than they would have carried by chance. What's more, phage from ampicillin-treated mice carried more genes that help bacteria fight off ampicillin and related penicillin-like drugs, while phage from ciprofloxacin-treated mice carried more genes that help them fight off ciprofloxacin and related drugs.

"When we treat mice with certain classes of drugs, we see enrichment of resistance genes to those drug classes," Modi said.

The phage did more than harbor drug-resistance genes. They could also transfer them back to gut bacteria -- a necessary step in conferring drug resistance. The researchers demonstrated this by isolating phage from either antibiotic-treated mice or untreated mice, then adding those phage to gut bacteria from untreated mice. Phage from ampicillin-treated mice tripled the amount of ampicillin resistance, while phage from ciprofloxacin-treated mice doubled the amount of ciprofloxacin resistance.

That was bad enough, but the scientists also found signs that the phage could do yet more to foster antibiotic resistance. That's because gut phage from mice treated with one drug carried high levels of genes that confer resistance to different drugs, which means that the phage could serve as backup when bacteria must find ways to withstand a variety of antibiotics.

"With antibiotic treatment, the microbiome has a means to protect itself by expanding the antibiotic resistance reservoir, enabling bugs to come back to be potentially stronger and more resistant than before," Collins said.

"Antibiotic resistance is as pressing a global health problem as they come, and to fight it, it's critical to understand it," said Don Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., Wyss Institute Founding Director. "Jim's novel findings offer a previously unknown way to approach this problem -- by targeting the phage that live in our intestine, rather than the pathogens themselves."

This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award Program, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. In addition to Collins and Modi, the research team included: Henry H. Lee, Ph.D., a former graduate student at Boston University who's currently at Harvard Medical School, and Catherine S. Spina, an M.D./Ph.D. candidate at Boston University and researcher at the Wyss Institute.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/3TjZmonPeoc/130610133539.htm

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Electronic Arts E3 2013 liveblog!

Electronic Arts E3 2013 liveblog!

When EA reps took the stage at Microsoft's Xbox One unveiling event a few weeks back, they were part of a very small group of game companies represented. The world got a first look at EA's new sports game engine, Ignite, and a tease of what to expect come this holiday, but we're betting there'll be even more interesting stuff presented during the company's press briefing this afternoon at E3 2013. A closer look at Battlefield 4 and a thorough detailing of EA Sports' various annual franchises are locks, as is a second premiere of Respawn's new game Titanfall. What's got us really excited is a possible Mirror's Edge sequel reveal. Find out with us in real time with the liveblog just below the break.

June 10, 2013 3:45:00 PM EDT

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/ObflxmGt3Fo/

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Are You Ready for Even More Katrinas and Sandys?

Climate change is not a particularly hot topic among residents of Midland Beach, a seaside enclave of middle-class families in New York?s politically conservative Staten Island.

Six months after Superstorm Sandy propelled a 10-foot wall of ocean over the low-lying community, most people are too busy reconstructing their shattered homes and lives to talk about greenhouse gases and extreme weather patterns.

But eventually, they know the subject must come up.

?Maybe this was a blessing in disguise. Maybe it will bring up that conversation, and something good can come out of all this,? says Thomas Cunsolo, an 18-year resident of Midland Beach whose three-story home was totaled by Sandy.

Cunsolo, a 52-year-old retired carpenter, needs no convincing that human-caused climate change contributed to the lethal fury of Sandy. ?Any person who really thinks about it honestly has to know the proof is in the pudding,? he says. ?Katrina was the first big eye-opener.?

If Katrina was a once-in-a-lifetime storm, Cunsolo asks, ?Then how do you explain Sandy? Something?s going on to get these storms to this magnitude.? Do we all believe in it yet? Publicly, people aren?t talking about reducing emissions?but they know it?s a big issue that we need to start talking about.?

Experts and scientists overwhelmingly agree.

?I don?t think anybody would try to correlate one event to global warming,? says Tim Barnett, a research marine physicist at Scripps Institute of Oceanography. ?But it does make things worse. ?With Katrina, Gulf temperatures were the highest on record,? he notes. ?That?s what gave Katrina its kick.? Barnett also estimates that half of Sandy?s force can be attributed to global warming.

The probability of bigger storms, meanwhile, ?shifted in one direction: the 100-year storm is now a 20-year storm. There?s an increasing probability it will happen again.?

***

On the morning of October 29, 2012, Cunsolo, his wife Karen, his sister, two sons, daughter, and 18-month-old grandson were at home. And though Sandy loomed on the southern horizon amid talk of evacuations, they weren?t particularly concerned.

?We didn?t think Staten Island would be hit,? Cunsolo recalls. ?They cried wolf the year before with [Hurricane] Irene. Everybody evacuated and nothing happened. So with Sandy, we thought, ?This is baloney.? ?

By 7:30 that night, Cunsolo had changed his mind. As he frantically packed his family and dog into the car, power went out everywhere. Terrified, the Cunsolos fled, but two-foot-high floodwaters slowed their escape.

?Then I look back in the mirror and see an eight-foot wall of water coming at us,? Cunsolo says. ?Only by the Grace of God did we make it out.?

His neighbor was not so lucky: He was still home.

Cunsolo brought his family to a nephew?s house on higher ground. He hoped to rescue his neighbor, but wind, rain and darkness made it impossible. At dawn, he tried driving home, but Midland Beach was under water.


??Trees were down, houses were down, cars were piled up and sand and raw sewage were everywhere,? Cunsolo recalls. He spent the next several hours shuttling shell-shocked neighbors to safe ground. Both evacuation centers he tried had themselves been evacuated, so he opted to drop them at a BP station under construction. ?Kids were screaming, people were bloody,? Cunsolo says. Elderly couples were wrapped in blankets and rags.

There was still no sign of his neighbor. Crews checked the house and said nobody was there. Unconvinced, Cunsolo waded through freezing-cold muck to reach the home. His neighbor, hit by a floating refrigerator, had collapsed upstairs. Cunsolo rescued his friend and managed to reunite him with his wife, who was sheltering at their daughter?s house.

The last person Cunsolo saved was a man bleeding from his leg, one hand clasped under his shirt. ?He just had a liver transplant and his health aide never evacuated him. I brought him to the firehouse. It was the only thing I could think of. I don?t know who he was, and I don?t know if he made it.?

Human deaths, of course, were Sandy?s bitterest legacy. At least two dozen died on Staten Island, though Cunsolo believes the death toll to be much higher. Either way, the hell and high water unleashed on Midland Beach, like so many communities, affected everyone. It will take years to recover.


Housing was the first crisis. Many homes, now condemned, were buckled or pushed off their foundations. Boilers and electrical systems were corroded by saltwater. Cunsolo?s house was structurally twisted, its foundation footings compromised. Repairs will cost more than tearing it down and starting over. What?s worse, work is stalled due to zoning codes and ever-changing BFE?s, or base flood elevation: the height to which homes must be raised. ?Right now, mine is 15 feet,? Cunsolo says. ?I?d literally have to take an elevator to my first floor.?

Now, the Cunsolo family, unable to find a space big enough to accommodate everyone, is camped out in two apartments located about 25 minutes apart. Their plight isn?t uncommon: Sandy triggered unprecedented rental demand in New York, with some rents spiking 65 percent.

Some residents have managed to return, but many houses remain empty, some still plastered in synthetic spider webs for a Halloween that never came. Of the 71 businesses that lined Midland Avenue, ?maybe 20 are up and running,? says Cunsolo, who has since formed the Midland Beach Alliance to assist Sandy victims.

Midland Beach waits, and languishes, half-empty. Looting is a problem: Copper pipes are often ripped from gutted houses under renovation.

And summertime brings new horrors. ?Once it reaches around 80 degrees, the mold is going to spread,? Cunsolo warns. ?If one home that didn?t have mold remediation is next to one that did, that home will get infected again. Spores can travel.?

In one report, 420 of 690 households surveyed had visible mold; remediation attempts failed in more than a third.

***

It?s worth noting that while rising global temperatures warm the oceans, giving rise to more extreme weather events, they also cause the ocean levels themselves to rise, which adds to the destructive effects of storms like Sandy.

In April, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) released a report stating that, ?Sea level is rising, and at an accelerating rate, especially along the U.S. East Coast and Gulf of Mexico.?

Average levels rose about eight inches from 1880 to 2009, with the rate increasing from 1993 to 2008, at 65 to 90 percent above 20th-century averages.

?Global warming is the primary cause of current sea level rise,? the UCS warns. ?Human activities, such as burning coal and oil and cutting down tropical forests, have increased atmospheric concentrations of heat-trapping gases and caused the planet to warm by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880.?

Global warming, of course, unleashes far more than superstorms and coastal devastation. The grueling impact of climate change has been well documented, and it will only get worse. Heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, floods, tornadoes, rainstorms and blizzards seem to grow more severe each year.

***

The debate that hasn?t yet hit the shores of Staten Island continues to rage in the political and scientific community. Despite the evidence, a very small minority of scientists and their political allies argue that climate change is not caused by human activity.

Many such opponents balked when President Obama proclaimed in his 2013 State of the Union address that more needs to be done to combat climate change. ?We can choose to believe that Superstorm Sandy, and the most severe drought in decades, and the worst wildfires some states have ever seen, were all just a freak coincidence,? he said, ?Or we can choose to believe in the overwhelming judgment of science.?

Critics cite concerns that the government?s attempts to curb emissions will damage the economy and shrink the job market; Forbes columnist Peter Ferrara called Obama?s ?threats? a ?global warming regulatory jihad? and said his assertion of more severe weather was ?a fairy tale.?

Most scientists reject this rhetoric as self-interest masquerading as reason.

?People who make those arguments generally come from the energy industry,? says Barnett. ?They are not published in this area. They take facts and twist them, like the era of ?safe? cigarettes, when the industry?s men in white coats were just a bunch of yahoos off the street.?

Back on Staten Island, Cunsolo, a registered Democrat who has voted for both parties, insists, ?politics are out the window. This isn?t a Democratic or a Republican thing.?

The stormy weather is only projected to worsen.

?We expect that the overall intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic basin will continue to increase with higher sea surface temperature, but there is no strong consensus about how the warming atmosphere and ocean will affect the number of tropical storms,? says Dr. Virginia Van Sickle-Burkett, chief scientist for global change research at the U.S. Geological Survey.


She adds, ?There is presently no mechanism for humans to stop global warming, at least for the remainder of this century. Changes that have already been made in greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to warm the climate for decades to come.?

Scripps? Barnett is equally gloomy. ?Sandy destroyed the waterfront with a storm surge,? he says. ?Imagine if the normal level was a meter higher. Those beaches wouldn?t be there. At every high tide, the water would run everywhere.?

New York State has offered to buy out homes destroyed by Sandy, and Cunsolo says that option is becoming increasingly attractive. But most people want to stay.

Bad move, says Barnett. ?They can rebuild all they want, but it?s the dumbest thing in the world. As the ocean gets higher, it will win.?

Humans, he warns, ?are effectively creating another planet, whether we like it or not. And if your kids don?t like it 20, 30 years from now, there?s not a damn thing you can do. The problem is not unsolvable, but greed and power will be the downfall of the human race.?

It?s still too much for many Midland Beach residents to ponder. Even as they rebuild, they?re casting a wary eye on the Atlantic Ocean.

?Hurricane season is just a couple of weeks away,? Cunsolo says, who?s currently working on establishing evacuation routes. ?I got people calling me, saying what do we do if we get hit again??


Related stories on TakePart:

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ready-even-more-katrinas-sandys-042923722.html

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সোমবার, ১০ জুন, ২০১৩

Sometimes it seems the only people the Obama administration doesn?t spy on are themselves (Michellemalkin)

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Potentially 'catastrophic' changes underway in Canada's northern Mackenzie River Basin

June 10, 2013 ? Canada's Mackenzie River basin -- among the world's most important major ecosystems -- is poorly studied, inadequately monitored, and at serious risk due to climate change and resource exploitation, a panel of international scientists warn today.

In a report, nine Canadian, US and UK scientists convened by the US-based Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy, say effective governance of the massive Basin, comprising an area three times larger than France -- holds enormous national and global importance due to the watershed's biodiversity and its role in hemispheric bird migrations, stabilizing climate and the health of the Arctic Ocean.

The panel agreed the largest single threat to the Basin is a potential breach in the tailings ponds at one of the large oil sands sites mining surface bitumen. A breach in winter sending tailings liquid under the ice of the tributary Athabasca River, "would be virtually impossible to remediate or clean-up," says the report, available in full at http://bit.ly/13gc01K

"Extractive industries should be required to post a substantial performance bond which would be used to cover the costs of site clean-up should the enterprise fail financially or otherwise fail to fully remediate damage and destruction at the site in question," the report says. "The performance bond should be secured prior to site development and the commencement of operations."

Importance of the MacKenzie Basin

Researchers have compared the Mackenzie Basin to Africa's Serengeti Plain, an area of comparable size. Both ecosystems harbour high biodiversity and biological productivity compared to others in their respective regions. There are some 45,000 biologically productive lakes in the Mackenzie Basin.

Meanwhile, the ice and snow cover in the Mackenzie Basin provides a vital refrigerator-like cooling role, in weather and climate patterns throughout the northern hemisphere.

University of California Prof. Henry Vaux, Chair of the Rosenberg Forum, stressed that the average temperature in the Basin has already warmed beyond the 2 degree Celsius upon which nations agreed in Copenhagen as a limit not to be surpassed.

And, he noted, the World Meteorological Organization (2012) reported that ice cover in the Arctic between March and September of 2012 had been reduced by an area of 11.83 million square kilometers.

"To put that in perspective, Canada is about 10 million square kilometers in area; the area of Arctic sea ice that melted last summer was almost 2 million square kilometers larger," says Dr. Vaux.

The report, based on hearings conducted in Vancouver Sept. 5 to 7 last year, supported by the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation, says warm air now arrives in the north earlier in the spring and often persists longer into the autumn.

The Mackenzie Basin helps moderate climate by capping hundreds of millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases in permafrost soils, which cover 20% of Earth's surface. Deep permafrost -- in some places two kilometres deep -- can take 100,000 years to form.

In regions like the Mackenzie Basin, however, where average annual temperature is only slightly below freezing, permafrost is much thinner. Its melting will release massive quantities of methane (a greenhouse gas 21 times more potential per molecule than CO2) into the atmosphere.

Rising Arctic temperatures are already affecting the hydrological cycle of the Northwest Territories and other parts of Canada "and all signs indicate these changes will accelerate over time," according to the report.

Glacier coverage has declined by approximately 25 per cent in the last 25 years and in spring snow cover in the Canadian Rockies disappears about one month earlier.

Though these changes are already significant, "and in some cases border on catastrophic," the report says, climate simulations suggest increased warming will lead to even higher temperatures of a level not seen on Earth in more than 10,000 years. "Most participating stakeholders believe the region could adapt if the changes occur slowly," says the report. "However, rapid warming will make adaptation considerably more difficult."

"If vegetation and wildlife patterns are modified by climate change, then indigenous peoples' subsistence lifestyles are at risk. The effect of long-term climate change on communities, however, will also be determined by other factors, including lifestyle choices made by the region's inhabitants. Although socio-economic patterns and determinants are not well understood, it is possible that subsistence lifestyles will not be feasible in the future."

Though the total number of Arctic people living on substance lifestyle is unknown, it is estimated that about 30% of people in Canada's Northwest Territory (population: 42,500) have a diet that includes at least 50% "country food."

Says the report: "The Mackenzie River appears to be less well studied than most other major rivers of the world," and threats beyond warming temperatures include "unrestrained development, lack of attention to environmental protection and a lack of will to acknowledge and recognize the lifestyles of the Basin's indigenous peoples."

Eight principle findings and conclusions, Rosenberg Forum report

  • The ecologic, hydrologic and climatologic regimes of the Mackenzie River Basin are at risk from planetary warming. The area is ecologically fragile and could become more so.
  • The Mackenzie River Basin is a globally important resource. Its biological, hydrological and climatological properties affect the welfare of people throughout the Western Hemisphere and, to some extent, globally.
  • The Mackenzie River Basin is less studied than many of the other large basins of the world. The ambient environment of the Mackenzie is changing relatively rapidly. These two factors mean that management of the lands and waters of the Basin will have to occur in the face of significant uncertainties.
  • The Basin is fragmented jurisdictionally, making holistic management of its resources nearly impossible. Overarching authority for the management of the Basin should be vested in a strengthened Mackenzie River Basin Board (MRBB), authorized by the Mackenzie River Basin Transboundary Waters Master Agreement of 1997. A reinvigorated MRBB will need significantly more financial support and will benefit from the advice and counsel of an independent International Science Advisory Committee.
  • The reinvigorated MRBB should manage the Basin adaptively and holistically. This will require a perpetual, robust and adequately funded monitoring program that should be the responsibility of the Canadian federal government.
  • Adaptive management and the precautionary principle need to be employed assiduously in managing scientific uncertainty in the Mackenzie River Basin.
  • Extractive industries should be required to post a substantial performance bond which would be used to cover the costs of site clean-up should the enterprise fail financially or otherwise fail to fully remediate damage and destruction at the site in question. The performance bond should be secured prior to site development and the commencement of operations.
  • There are a number of value issues that must be addressed forthrightly and transparently. They involve the interplay of two distinctly different cultures within the Basin -- issues related to rates and types of appropriate economic growth, and the oversight and regulation of extractive industries and hydroelectric development.

About the Mackenzie River Basin

Originating in part in the Columbia Icefield in the Canadian Rockies, the Mackenzie is Canada's longest river, covering a distance of about 4,250 km.

It pours 10.3 million liters -- enough to fill four Olympic swimming pools -- into the Arctic Ocean every second, along with 100 million tons of sediment per year. That's estimated to be slightly more than the St. Lawrence River discharges into the Atlantic.

The Mackenzie Basin includes three major lakes (Great Slave, Great Bear and Athabasca, which together contain almost 4,000 cubic km of water) and many major rivers, including the Peace, Athabasca, Liard, Hay, Peel, South Nahanni and Slave.

The Mackenzie Delta -- where the river meets the Arctic Ocean -- is increasingly subject to storm surges from the Beaufort Sea and salt water intrusion due to three factors: reduced nearshore ice, sea levels rising at accelerated rates, and more frequent severe winter storms.

Complex challenges confront this immense territory rich in natural assets: forests -- vital habitat for wildlife and for birds that migrate as far as South America -- deep stores of trapped carbon, and vast deposits of oil, natural gas and minerals.

Slumping of the land due to melting results in the discharge of sediments to rivers and allows perched ponds and lakes to drain. Tributary river courses and groundwater flows can alter, leaving spawning areas disrupted. Melting permafrost can also severely damage drainage facilities, roads, buildings, and pipelines.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/3EhNEqQA-JQ/130610084312.htm

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বৃহস্পতিবার, ২৩ মে, ২০১৩

Boy Scout leaders to vote on lifting gay ban

GRAPEVINE, Texas (AP) ? The Boy Scouts of America will convene a two-day meeting of 1,400 local leaders to consider changing its long-standing ban openly gay boys belonging to the scouting movement.

Officials of the Irving, Texas-based organization are scheduled to open the first of the ballots cast on whether to allow homosexual gay Boy Scouts. Scouting officials propose allowing openly gay Scouts but retaining the ban on gay adult Scout leaders.

The final vote is scheduled for Thursday in the Dallas-Fort Worth suburb of Grapevine.

Some conservatives have denounced the proposal, saying the Scouts' traditions would be undermined by the presence of openly gay youth. Gay-rights supporters have welcomed the proposed change as a positive first step but want the BSA to lift the ban on gay adults as well.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/boy-scout-leaders-vote-lifting-gay-ban-115130907.html

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